Evening in the Palace of Reason Page 33
“Frere Jacques,” 118, 313
Freud, Sigmund, 261
Friedrich, elector of Saxony, see Augustus III (Friedrich), king of Poland
Froberger, Johann Jakob, 52
fugues, 7, 167, 224–27
canons vs., 116, 118, 224
defined, 312
as ricercars, 233–34
in six pans, 9–10, 229, 230–31, 239, 270
galant, 7, 220
defined, 312
development of, 131–32
devotees of, 167, 184, 217
in Musical Offering, 226–27, 230, 233, 235
Gay, Peter, 154, 184, 195
gematria, 137, 312
George I, king of England, 27, 68, 100
George II, king of England, 68, 103, 159, 207, 208
Georg Wilhelm, Duke, 59
Gerber, Ernst Ludwig, 129
German language, 184
Germany: electors of, 15
literature of, 7, 184
national unification of, 267
Third Reich of, 267–68
Geyersbach, Johann Heinrich, 87–88
gigue, 85
Gloria in Excelsis Deo (Bach), 209
God Is My King (Bach), 95–96, 237
Goebbels, Joseph, 268
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 244, 259, 263
Goldberg, Johann Gottlieb, 215
Goldberg Variations (“Aria with Different Variations”) (Bach), 214, 215–16, 248–49
Gooch, G. P., 244
Goring, Hermann, 267–68
Gorner, Gottlieb, 170–71, 172, 184
Gottsched, Johann Christoph, 184–85, 186
Graun, Carl Heinrich, 146, 184, 214, 222, 224
Graun, Johann Gottlieb, 146, 222, 224
Graupner, Christoph, 170
Gregorian chant, 46, 249, 311, 312, 313
Gregory I, Pope, 312
Grumbkow, Field Marshal von, 71, 72, 140, 144, 145, 146, 150, 158
Gundling (royal favorite), 65, 99, 224
Hamburg, as music center, 54, 55, 163
Handel, Georg Friedrich, 55, 85, 89, 126, 128, 218, 227, 250
Hapsburg dynasty, 29, 63, 72, 197
Harmonices Mundi (Kepler), 49–50
harmony, 116–17
Harnoncourt, Nikolaus, 271
harpsichord, 132, 222
Hasse, Johann Adolph, 167, 184, 209, 228
Haydn, Joseph, 245, 256
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 264
Heinichen, Johann David, 123, 220
Henry, Prince, 248
Hercules at the Crossroads (Bach), 178, 179
Herder, Johann Gottfried, 260
Herstal, barony of, 194, 196
Hille, Christoph Werner, 141–42
Hindemith, Paul, 269–70
Hitler, Adolf, 267, 268
Hoffmann, E. T. A., 261–62
Hofstadter, Douglas, 235
Hohenzollern dynasty, 6–7, 17, 28, 29–30, 32–38, 268
holy relics, 16–17, 18
Holy Roman Empire, 15
homophony, 124, 312, 313
Hompesch, Baron von, 64
Houdemann canon, 117–21
human perfectibility, 8
humors, 84
Hutter, Leonhard, 53
Hytier, Adrienne, 157
individualism, 130, 131, 133, 241
indulgences, 17, 30–32
infant baptism, 23
“Invention by Which Six Measures of Double Counterpoint Can Be Written Without a Knowledge of the Rules” (C. P. E. Bach), 218
inversion, 119, 120, 121, 312–13
Italian composers, 57, 125–26, 131
Italian Concerto (Bach), 176
Jesus, crucifixion of, 183
Johann Sigismund, elector of Brandenburg, 33–34
John Cicero, elector of Brandenburg, 29–30
Jordan, Charles Étienne, 199, 200, 201, 210–11, 239
Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor, 90
Kalkstein (Frederick Ill’s tutor), 101, 200
Kant, Immanuel, 153, 260
Karlsbad spa, 135
Katte, Hans Heinrich von, 108–9
Katte, Hans Hermann von, 102–3, 105, 108–11, 139, 140, 142, 160, 197
Keats, John, 158
Kepler, Johannes, 49–50, 53
Kerll, Johann Kaspar von, 52
keyboard instruments, development of, 222–23
Keyserling, Dietrich von, “Caesarion,” 153, 161, 210, 214
Keyserling, Hermann von, 214–15, 216
Kircher, Athanasius, 83–84, 116
Knights’ Academy, 59, 61
Kohl, Helmut, 268
Koser, Reinhold, 243
Krause (St. Thomas School student), 181, 182
Kritische Dichtkunst (Gottsched), 184
Lafayette, Marquis de, 246–47
La Mettrie, Julien Offroy de, 203–4 253, 272
Lammerhirt, Tobias, 92
Lammerhirt, Valentin, 23
Lebèegue, Nicolas-Antoine, 56, 91
Legrenzi, Giovanni, 126
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 37, 53, 65, 99, 116–17, 153, 154–55, 258
Leipzig: JSB’s position in, 164–65, 253
Prussian occupation of, 209
Leipzig: (continued) royal visit to, 178–79
Leonhardt, Gustav, 271
Leopold, Prince of AnhaltCöthen, 127, 129, 133–34, 135, 138
Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor, 89–90
Lisbon, 1755 earthquake in, 257–58, 260
Liszt, Franz, 133
literature, rationalist approach to, 184, 185
Louis XIV, king of France, 56, 57–58, 67–68, 101, 131
Louis XV, king of France, 206
Luke, Gospel According to, 234
Lully, Jean-Baptiste, 56, 57–58, 90, 131, 178
Liineburg, 54, 59
Luther, Martin, 19, 23, 79, 133, 154, 238, 240, 242, 249
on celestial order, 49, 51
educational ideal of, 182
Eisenach connections of, 14
on family relationships, 167
on human weakness, 136, 137
as model of defiance, 45
on music, 41, 43, 49, 51, 80–81, 136, 251
New Testament translation of, 16
papal indulgences decried by, 17, 30, 31–32
political allies of, 17–18, 33
on self-reliance, 221
Worms edict and, 15
writings of, 169
Lutheranism: Bible of, 169
education of, 53
family life of, 167
music of, 41, 43, 80–81, 94, 172
in Protestant sectarian conflicts, 23, 44, 96–97
McClary, Susan, 132
Machiavelli, Niccolo, 157
Magic Flute, The (Mozart), 257
Man a Machine (La Mettrie), 203
Marais, Marin, 56
Marble Faun of Coyfevaux, The, 202
Marchand, Louis, 56, 127–28, 164, 176, 227
Maria Theresa, queen of Hungary and Bohemia, 198, 199, 200–201, 205, 207
Marissen, Michael, 86–87, 129, 233, 239
Marpurg, Friedrich Wilhelm, 120
Mary, Queen of Scots, 3
Mass in B Minor (Bach), 95, 177, 209, 249, 255
materialism, 203–4
mathematics, music vs., 116, 117
Mattheson, Johann, 89, 130
on affects, 85
counterpoint disparaged by, 123–24
JSB’s cantata lampooned by, 163–64
on musical artistry vs. audience reactions, 220
puzzle canon solution of, 119
Walther praised by, 113
Matthew, Gospel According to, 183, 234
Maupertuis, Piere-Louis Moreau de, 194
Mazarin, Jules Cardinal, 57
mechanistic worldview, 203–4, 272
Meinicke, Friedrich, 157–58
Mendelssohn, Fanny, 264
Mendelssohn, Felix, 262, 263–64 265
Mendelssohn, Fromet, 262
mercenary soldiers, 20
Michelangelo, 30
mirror canons, 248, 313
Mitford, Nancy, 65, 153
“Mit Fried und Freud” (Bach), 94
Moliére (Jean-Baptiste Poquelin), 58
monads, 116, 117
monophony, 312, 313
Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat de, 203
Monteverdi, Claudio, 55
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 238, 245, 256–57, 261
Muhlhausen, 91, 92, 96, 97, 98, 189
Miiller, Friedrich von, 139–40
Miinzer, Thomas, 96
music:
as artisanship vs. art, 81
cosmological harmony reflected in, 47–48, 49–52, 116–17, 122, 250
in early church, 43, 46, 48–49
French, 56–59, 131–32
galant style of, 7, 132, 167, 217, 220, 226, 230, 233, 235, 312
of German composers, 55, 56, 9–91
of intellect vs. feeling, 130–31, 191, 217
Italian, 57, 125–26, 131
of Lutheran churches, 41, 43, 80–81, 94, 172
mathematics vs., 116, 117
natural vs. artificial, 187, 191
numerical allegories in, 50–51, 81, 84, 125, 137, 312
as oratorical craft, 81–83, 84–87, 115
pleasure as sole aim of, 220
Romantic concept of, 261, 264
social structures vs., 129, 131–33
spiritual aspects of, 7–8, 81–85, 116, 123, 182, 183, 263
twelve-tone (serial), 271
Musical Lexicon (Walther), 81–82, 116, 234
Musical Offering (Bach), 228–39, 248, 262, 270
dedication of, 232, 233, 236
galant gestures in, 226–27, 230, 233, 235
improvisation included in, 226
playing order of, 231–32
six-part fugue of, 229, 230–31, 239, 270
spiritual messages of, 7–8, 12, 237–38, 239
ten canons of, 124, 230, 232, 234–35, 236–37
title of, 10, 232–33
trio sonata of, 229, 230, 235
wordplay incorporated in, 10, 232–34, 235
work process of, 11–12, 229, 232
musical-rhetorical figures, 81–82, 85–87, 95–96, 115–16, 311, 313
musicians: guild membership of, 14, 21
in Thirty Years War, 20–21
Musurgia universalis (Kircher), 83
Mylius, General, 106
Nagel, Sebastian, 13, 14
Napoleon I, Emperor of the French, 245–46, 263
nature, perfect order of, 257, 258–59
Nazism, 267–68
Newton, Isaac, 8, 14, 47, 51, 53, 85, 257
Nichomachus of Gerasa, 47
Niedt, Friedrich Erhard, 122–23
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 267
Northern War, 35, 36
Oeuvres (Frederick II), 152, 157
Ohrdruf, 44
On God, the World, the Human Soul and All Things in General (Wolff), 155
opera:
early name of, 312
French, 58
in Germany, 55
rationalist critique of, 184
recitatives in, 97, 125
see also Berlin Opera
oratorio, 313
Order of Teutonic Knights, 32–33
Order of the Black Eagle, 37, 38, 267
organs, 55, 78, 228
Orgelbiichlein (Bach), 115, 121, 240, 251
Pachelbel, Johann, 44, 52, 113
Palestrina, Giovanni Pierluigi da, 249
papal indulgences, 17, 30–32
Passion According to St. John (Bach), 169
Passion According to St. Mark (Bach), 175
Passion According to St. Matthew (Bach), 93, 95, 163, 169, 172–73, 174, 176, 255, 262, 263–65
Passions of the Soul, The (Descartes), 83
passus duriusculus, 82, 230, 233, 313
pathopoeia, 82, 87, 313
“Peasant Cantata” (Bach), 136
perpetual canons, 52, 117, 121, 122 236, 249, 313
Peter I (the Great), czar of Russia, 27
physics, early study of, 53
piano, development of, 222
piano concerto, 133
Pietism, 44, 96–97, 169, 260
plainsong, 46, 48, 313
planetary harmony, 7, 48, 49–50, 51–52
Plato, 8, 47, 48, 49, 130
Platz, Abraham, 164
Poéme sur le desastre de Lisbonne (Voltaire), 258
Poland, division of, 244
Polish Succession, War of the, 148
polonaise, 85
polyphony, 124, 311, 312, 313
see also counterpoint
Pope, Alexander, 199, 258
Poquelin, Jean-Baptiste (Moliere), 58
porphyria, 3
Portugal, 1755 earthquake in, 257–58, 260
Potsdam Grenadiers, 63–64, 143
Pragmatic Sanction, 197
predestination, 66, 142, 242
primogeniture, 29
Prince, The (Machiavelli), 157
Protestantism: Anabaptists and, 23, 44, 96, 241
Calvinism and, 23, 34, 44, 66, 134
in Reformation, 19, 32, 44
sectarian conflicts of, 23, 44, 96–97
see also Lutheranism
Prussia: consolidation of, 35–36
as hereditary duchy, 33, 34
as major power, 4, 197
military strength of, 35, 36, 37, 148–49, 247
as monarchy, 37–38
Napoleonic control of, 245–46
territory of, 70, 149, 197, 198–201, 244
in unified Germany, 267
Psalm 90, 92, 93
punctus contra punctum, 46
puzzle canon, 117–21, 234, 236, 313
Pythagoras, 7, 8, 47–48, 49, 50, 84, 130
Pythagorean Tetraktys, 50
Quantz, Johann Joachim, 75, 76, 146, 202, 214, 222, 224, 239
Quintilian, 231
quodlibet, 40, 215–16, 313
Racine, Jean, 206
rationalism, 83, 155, 182–83
disillusion with, 257–58, 272
reason, belief vs., 8, 12, 154–55, 182–83, 259, 272
recitatives, 97, 125, 172, 184, 313
Reddaway, William, 248
Reflections on the Present State of European Politics (Frederick II), 148
Reformation, 19, 32, 44
Reimarus, Hermann-Samuel, 183, 184
Reinken, Johann Adam, 55, 163
retrograde, 120, 121, 312, 313
Revelations, Book of, 42
ricercars, 230, 233–34
Richelieu, Cardinal, 57
Rochow, Wilhelm Friedrich von, 103, 104
Romanticism, 130, 186, 241, 260–62, 264, 265–66, 267, 271, 272
Roots of Romanticism, The (Berlin), 240
Rothenburg, Konrad Alexander von, 70, 72, 76, 101, 102, 107
Royal Academy of Sciences, 201–2
Royal Theme, 9, 10, 11, 222–27, 228, 229, 230, 233, 234, 236, 238
St. George’s Church, 13, 14, 26
St. George’s School, 42–43
St. John Passion (Bach), 169
St. Mark Passion (Bach), 175
St. Matthew Passion (Bach), 93, 95, 163, 169, 172–73, 174, 176, 255, 262, 263–65
St. Michael’s Lyceum, 54, 55, 59
St. Thomas’s Church, 162
administrative politics of, 170–72, 173–75, 177, 253
JSB buried at, 269
St. Thomas’s School, 11, 164–65
curriculum of, 182–84
saltus duriusculus, 82, 233, 313
Sanssouci, 223, 229, 232, 247, 248, 268
Saxony: Austrian coalition with, 207, 208, 228
in First Silesian War, 214
politics of, 164–65
Scheibe, Johann Adolph, 162, 163, 186–87, 191–92, 193, 216 , 220, 2
50, 261
Schoenberg, Arnold, 9, 10–11, 230, 233, 270–71
Schrade, Leo, 55
Schiitz, Heinrich, 55
Schweitzer, Albert, 115, 240, 252
Seckendorff, Count von, 71, 72, 158
Second Silesian War, 207–10
Second Viennese School, 27n
serial (twelve-tone) method of musical composition, 271
Seven Years War, 242–43, 246, 247, 268
Shakespeare, William, 244
Silbermann, Gottfried, 223
Silesia, Prussian control of, 198–201, 207, 208
Smend, Friedrich, 169
Socrates, 195
sonatas da chiesa, 235–36
Sophia Dorothea, Queen, 68–70, 71, 99–100, 105, 107
Sophie, Electress, Tin Sophie Charlotte, Queen, 37n
Sorrows of Young Werther, The (Goethe), 259
soul, existence of, 203
spiral canon (canon per tonos), 311
Spitta, Philipp, 21–22, 89, 96, 165
stile antico, 249
Stumpff, Johann Andreas, 260
Sturm und Drang, 259
subject, 313
subjectum catabatum, 82, 230
Suhm, Ulrich Friedrich von, 153, 155
suicide, 259
superstition, 16
Swieten, Baron von, 238, 239
Tauler, Johannes, 44
Taylor, John, 250
Telemachus (Fenelon), 67
Telemann, Georg Philipp, 55, 126, 164, 170, 253–54, 256, 262
Ten Commandments, 115, 232, 237
Tetzel, Johannes, 17, 30, 31
Teutonic Knights, 32–33
Textbook of Harmony (Nichomachus), 47
Thirty Years War, 19–21, 22, 34, 35, 55, 78, 80
Thomas a Kempis, 44
thoroughbass accompaniment, 124
Thuringia, superstitions of, 16
Tobacco College, 65, 159
truth, cultural relativity of, 260
twelve-tone (serial) method of musical composition, 271
Variations on Vom Himmel hoch (Bach), 248
Vaucanson, Jacques de, 201–3, 252
Venice, doges of, 131
Virgil, 81, 195
Vivaldi, Antonio Lucio, 113, 125, 126, 131, 176
Voltaire (Francois-Marie Arouet), 155–58, 194–96, 198, 199, 224, 229, 242
espionage activities of, 196, 200, 205–6
on Frederick II, 5, 11, 195, 196, 204, 205–6, 243
on galant, 230
on Lisbon earthquake, 258
political persecution of, 156
on power, 195
skepticism of, 258, 259
Vor deinen Thron (Bach), 251–53
Wagner, Richard, 266, 267
Walter, Johann, 80–81
Walther, Johann Gottfried, 119, 124
as composer, 113, 114, 121–22, 125–26
JSB’s rivalry with, 113–14
on music theory, 81–82, 98, 113, 116, 234
War of the Austrian Succession, 201
War of the Polish Succession, 148
Wartburg castle, 14
Washington, George, 246
Waterfall (Escher), 235
Webern, Anton, 270